Acceptability & Unacceptability of Dangling Clauses Adverbial participle clauses (i.e. -ing, -ed clauses), infinitival clauses,and verbless clauses ေတြနဲ႔ ဝါက်ေတြ ေရးသားတာ ေတြ႔ေနက်ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ e.g. Having done my homework, I went to bed. ( ဒီလို ဝာက် ေတြ႕တဲ့အခါ "having done" ဆိုတဲ့ Verb ရဲ႕ Subject ကို Main Clause ရဲ႕ Subject နဲ႔ အတူတူပဲလို႔ နားလည္ရပါမယ္။ ဒါကို Understood Subject / Implied Subject လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ ) အကယ္၍ ဝါက်တခုမွာ Participle clause ထဲက Verb ရဲ႕ Subject ဟာ Main clause ရဲ႕ Subject နဲ႔ မတူဘူးဆိုရင္၊ ဒီအေျခအေနကို Dangling Participle လို႔ ေခၚၿပီး Grammatical error အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ (Dangling Participle ေတြကို Unattached, Unrelated, Pendant Participle လို႔လည္း အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ေခၚေဝၚၾကပါေသးတယ္။) ဒီလို Subject ေတြ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္နားလည္ေစဖို႔ လိုက္နာရတဲ့ စည္းကမ္းကို The Subject Attachment Rule လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ -ing , -ed မ်ားနဲ႔ စတဲ့ Participle clause ေတြမွာ Dangling အျဖစ္မ်ားတတ္တဲ့အတြက္ Dangling Participle လို႔ အသိမ်ားပါတယ္။ ( Dangling Participle ဟု ဆိုေသာ္လည္း Infinitive Clause မ်ား ၊ Verbless Clause မ်ားပါ သေဘာတရားတူညီစြာ အက်ံဳးဝင္တယ္လို႔ ယူဆပါ။ ) Adverbial Clause ရဲ႕ Understood Subject နဲ႔ Main Clause ရဲ႕ Subject လြဲေခ်ာ္ေနတဲ့ ဝါက်နမူနာမ်ားကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္ပါ။ 1. ? Driving to Chicago that night, a sudden thought struck me. 2. ? Since leaving her,life has seemed pointless. 3. ? Walking down the boardwalk, a tall building came into view. ( ? အမွတ္သေကၤတဟာ အမွန္၊အမွား လက္ခံဖို႔ ေဝခြဲရခက္သည္ လို႔ ဆိုလိုပါတယ္။ ) အထက္ပါဝါက် 1, 2, 3 ၃ေၾကာင္းလုံးရဲ႕ တကယ္ျဖစ္သင့္တဲ့ Subject ဟာ "I" ျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ ၊ Main clause ရဲ႕ Subject ေတြက လြဲေနပါတယ္။ ဒီလို လြဲေခ်ာ္ေနတာေတြကို ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ျပန္ျပင္ေရးသင့္ပါတယ္။ 1.(a) Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought. 2.(a)Since leaving her, I have felt that life seemed pointless. 3.(a) Walking down the boardwalk, I saw a tall building. 🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹 Understood Subject လြဲေခ်ာ္ၿပီး Dangling ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ ဝါက်မ်ား Examples: ? After serving on several committees, the association elected her their secretary-treasurer. ? Friend of statesmen and patron of the arts, many honours were bestowed on him. ? While in a hospital near the school, her teachers visited her regularly. ? To see the procession, I put the child on my shoulders. ? Being the eldest, the responsibility fell particularly on my shoulders. ? Although the latest model, they didn't like the car. ? Advised to study anthropology, his choice was psychology instead. ? An author of considerable distinction, people flocked to her public lecture. ? On reaching the summit, the view delighted us all. အထက္ပါ ဝါက်ေတြရဲ႕ Understood Subject ကို ၾကံဖန္စဥ္းစားၿပီး အစေဖာ္လို႔ ရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ "?" အဆင့္မွာ ရိွပါတယ္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ေရးသင့္ ၊ သုံးသင့္တဲ့ ပုံစံမ်ား မဟုတ္ပါ။ ( It is considered that they are frowned upon.) <><><><><> လုံးဝကို နားလည္ရခက္ၿပီး ၊ အဓိပၸါယ္လြဲေစတဲ့ ပုံစံမ်ားကိုေတာ့ မေရွာင္မျဖစ္ ေ႐ွာင္ကို ေ႐ွာင္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 4. *Reading the evening paper, a dog started barking. သတင္းစာဖတ္ေနရင္းကေန၊ ေခြး ထေဟာင္တယ္။ ( သတင္းစာဖတ္သူဟာ ဘယ္သူဘယ္ဝါရယ္လို႔ မပါဘဲ ၊ ဖတ္သူဟာ "ေခြး" ကိုယ္တိုင္ဖတ္သလို ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ဒီဝါက်ဟာ လုံးဝ အမွားျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ) 5. *Using these techniques, a wheel fell off. 6. *A result of the rise in prices, our economy is suffering. 7. *Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. 8. *Grilled on charcoal, everyone enjoyed the fish they caught. 9. *Having eaten our lunch, the steamboat departed. ( * သေကၤတဟာ Ungrammatical; Grammatical error ဟု ဆိုလိုပါတယ္။ ) <><><><><> T̲̅̅h̲̅̅e̲̅̅ ̲̅̅A̲̅̅t̲̅̅t̲̅̅a̲̅̅c̲̅̅h̲̅̅m̲̅̅e̲̅̅n̲̅̅t̲̅̅ ̲̅̅R̲̅̅u̲̅̅l̲̅̅e̲̅̅ ကင္းလြတ္သည့္ ( ေျဖေလွ်ာ့ေပးသည့္) အေျခအေနမ်ား (A) စာေရးသူရဲ႕ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္အယူအဆကို ေျပာတဲ့ Adverbial Clause ပုံစံ "Fixed Expressions" ေတြကို Attachment Ruleေတြနဲ႔ ကန္႔သတ္မထားတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ (အေခၚအေဝၚအားျဖင့္ေတာ့ Style Disjunct လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။) ဒီလို clause ေတြရဲ႕ Understood Subject ကေတာ့ စာေရးသူ " I " အျဖစ္ ယူဆရပါတယ္။ Examples: Generally speaking, men can run faster than women.✅ Broadly speaking, dogs are more faithful than cats.✅ Judging from his expression, he’s in a bad mood.✅ Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday.✅ Supposing there was a war, what would you do?✅ Taking everything into consideration, they ought to get another chance.✅ Putting it mildly, you have caused us some inconvenience.✅ His moral principles, to be frank, begin and end with his own interests.✅ To say the least, their techniques are old-fashioned.✅ <><><><><> (B) Adverbial Clause ရဲ႕ Understood Subject ဟာ Main Clause တခုလုံး ျဖစ္ေနရင္ Attachment Rule မွ ကင္းလြတ္ပါတယ္။ I'll help you, if necessary. [ "... if it is necessary."] Unknown to his closest advisers, he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary. ✅ [ "It was unknown to his closest advisers that ... "] The siren sounded, indicating that the air raid was over.✅ [" ... which indicated that ... ] <><><><><><> (C) a Understood Subject ဟာ Indefinite Pronoun မ်ား ၊ Preparatory "it" ျဖစ္ေနရင္ Less Objectionable (ကန့္ကြက္စရာနည္းတယ္) လို႔ ယူဆၾကပါတယ္။ When dining in the restaurant, a jacket and tie are required. ✅ [ "When someone dines ..." ] Being Christmas, the government offices were closed.✅ [ "Since it was ... "] (C) b Main Clause ရဲ႕ Subject ေတြ ကိုယ္၌က Preparatory Subject "it", "there" မ်ား ျဖစ္ေနရင္လည္း လက္ခံႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook.✅ Having so little time, there was not much that I could do.✅ <><><><><> (D) ေနာက္ဆုံးအခ်က္ကေတာ့ Formal Scientific Writing မ်ားတြင္ Understood Subject ဟာ စာေရးသူ (သို႔) စာဖတ္သူကို ညႊန္းတဲ့ "I" , "We" , "You" မ်ား ျဖစ္ရင္ Unattached Clause နဲ႔ ေရးသားတတ္ပါတယ္။ When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development, the therapy consists, in part, of discussions of the patient's problems with parents and teachers, with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.✅ To check on the reliability of the first experiment, the experiment was replicated with a second set of subjects.✅ <><><><><> အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုရရင္ Dangling Clause ေတြကို လက္ခံသင့္ ၊ လက္မခံသင့္အခ်က္ဟာ မွန္ကန္တဲ့ Implied Subject ကို (နားလည္မႈမလြဲဘဲ၊ ဘယ္ေလာက္လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူနဲ႔ ) သိႏိုင္သလဲဆိုတဲ့ အခ်က္အေပၚ မူတည္ပါတယ္။ Ref.: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum,Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. Practical English Usage by Michael Swan. ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/qc6giid6zm.jpg) @flay