Introduction

I would like to start this article from famous quote by brilliant mathematician. > The shortest path between two truths in real domain passes through complex domain. > Jacques Hadamard Imaginary numbers are often suitable to use to solve the real problems. The extension of numbers from Natural to Complex number has always made real application wide and easy. The syllabus of high school mathematics for complex number is good for basic stuffs but for competitive exams and Olympiad,its necessary to have further knowledge on complex number. To introduce about applications of complex number beyond syllabus this article is written. This article doesn't include full description of all applications yet it gives you enough introductory ideas and motivations to learn more and it endeavors to show you the magic of complex numbers. # Complex number in Exponential form: Functions have different representations. They can be represented by infinite sum containing derivatives of function at a point x=a. It is called Taylor series. If the point is at x=0, then it is special case of Taylor series called Maclaurin series. With the help of Maclaurin series, we can prove Euler's Identity which is given below. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/9a/ql_4f474a870a49b523317df8814fbf389a_l3.png Proof: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/f2/ql_e7753806baa8c17b09b6301c7c1910f2_l3.png Here, f'(x) denotes derivative with respect to x. If f(x) = cos x, f(0) = 1 f'(x) = sin x, f'(0) = 0 f''(x) = cos x, f''(0) = 1 f'''(x) =- sin x , f'''(0)= 0 so, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/c4/ql_a7b16fbaf839f1957d99f4152be79bc4_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/32/ql_ffcc39e0b88534a129c84b938f631e32_l3.png Similarly; http://quicklatex.com/cache3/51/ql_96312f13e79dc80989a3421b33e0f151_l3.png and, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/e7/ql_9e8e6895e722e091a3ae4ef2fa25cce7_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/3c/ql_f912874a378faf383aa7c07ee1211a3c_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/f9/ql_7922b30563a3ba04ad15fa234223fcf9_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/3f/ql_6d2218878b42d5229b8d6fd971f4243f_l3.png Putting, x = θ http://quicklatex.com/cache3/46/ql_aa269307d47923e36627f8e98722be46_l3.png It is called Euler's Identity named after great mathematician Leonard Euler. This identity relates trigonometric functions and exponential function with the help of complex number. Let us put, x = π then, the identity becomes: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/5f/ql_f7820fbc81f08ce5ebfaf297652d635f_l3.png = cos π + i sin π http://quicklatex.com/cache3/5f/ql_f7820fbc81f08ce5ebfaf297652d635f_l3.png = -1 http://quicklatex.com/cache3/5f/ql_f7820fbc81f08ce5ebfaf297652d635f_l3.png + 1 = 0 (forget about application, Look! at this identity, it contains e,π,1,0 and i. Ponder, How beautifully they have placed themselves in this beautiful identity.) - e is called Euler's number. - It is irrational and Transcendental Number. - It is defined as: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/c0/ql_acd350ed25b24e3d56d1c9a0e0de12c0_l3.png - π is defined as ratio of circumference of circle to the diameter of same circle. - It is irrational and Transcendental Number. (Transcendental numbers are those numbers which cannot be the solution of algebraic equations. 2 is irrational but it isn't transcendental number.) http://quicklatex.com/cache3/4c/ql_88964c624de7f01d404f0b3c7cf40b4c_l3.png which is the expression of complex number in exponential form. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/20/ql_0673b3b9a592235b7eb9e0cbc0405b20_l3.png Solving, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/33/ql_7fad9bd1426020c83bea3a9efd5c5633_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/3e/ql_7c9741f17170b6734720dc3632433c3e_l3.png i) If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) f(http://quicklatex.com/cache3/26/ql_52e6488aaba63dc1ca1904243cc04826_l3.png) = f(cos θ ) + if (sin θ) If f(x) is function and f'(x) be its derivative w.r.t. x f'(http://quicklatex.com/cache3/26/ql_52e6488aaba63dc1ca1904243cc04826_l3.png) = f'(cos θ) + i f'(sin θ) = i http://quicklatex.com/cache3/26/ql_52e6488aaba63dc1ca1904243cc04826_l3.png = i(cosθ + i sinθ) = - sin θ + i cos θ comparing real and imaginary parts: or, f'(cos θ) = - sin θ or, f(sin θ) = cosθ Exercise: There is some transform(actually its Laplace) such that L(x+y) = L(x) + L(y). Given that, e^it = cos t + i sin t. If Laplace transform of e^it is http://quicklatex.com/cache3/8f/ql_8b60fa8f5ce70032f80a013eb0e6c58f_l3.png , Find the Laplace transform of cos t and sin t. # It makes integration easy to evaluate. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/38/ql_6608cf7de7b97bcdd17a618a852b7038_l3.png We know, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/82/ql_fb62d1a1de62374b44f929f686cc3c82_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ed/ql_9a438d4180a16b7fba004d8922803ded_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/88/ql_6b706253459e08a2ef8fd2df3d669f88_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/25/ql_d92bdb44f98ad2fe1dc47b7088c64325_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/bd/ql_bd903a29e9bd4b3f9e87dbff404334bd_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/60/ql_ee88b7faa4f5b45f1da1c0082b937a60_l3.png = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/70/ql_ff9332506255efb9b829b673962cc770_l3.png # Proving Trigonometric Identities: Complex numbers can be used in exponential form to prove trigonometric identities. Basic Trigonometric Identities: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/c4/ql_085440d6b44aa86ffc2892b9c3a197c4_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/df/ql_e66de408c293091cfd41076c86875ddf_l3.png Adding we get, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/4c/ql_c948f09642071da1582c57b07e6b564c_l3.png Exercise: Prove that: i) http://quicklatex.com/cache3/74/ql_b23a8008187faff6a15a2f89788af374_l3.png Expression for Multiple angles Consider, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/49/ql_d7ef1839b3ec000593fdb4f048980049_l3.png Comparing real and imaginary parts; http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ef/ql_d9ea8dd659544d125f2987ef74876eef_l3.png Formula for compound angles: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/2f/ql_4aa5795b52557490fd97812038fd4a2f_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/42/ql_c6b49f3fabb052d77aba4e57e2133642_l3.png Exercise: i. Find cos 5θ and sin 5θ in terms of sinθ and cosθ using de-Moivre Theorem. ii. Prove that: sin(x +y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y # Relation Between Hyperbolic and Trigonometric functions: Hyperbolic and trigonometric functions can be expressed in terms of exponential. So, they can be related with the help of complex number. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/34/ql_36a46d7918e78a06b770b4d5f53a4a34_l3.png put x = i x http://quicklatex.com/cache3/e3/ql_4e7a7f63e10333c6fef9b161953063e3_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/84/ql_99068a9c10d93127e30a82e4332d8984_l3.png It enables us to use complex arguments: consider: http://quicklatex.com/cache3/c1/ql_f99293736033078ed76d3df656d1c1c1_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/11/ql_e4d3cde2bc1182d49cc7fa634d687911_l3.png Also, sin(x + iy) = sin x cos iy + cosx sin iy = sin x cos hy + i cos x sin hy Exercise: i) sin(1 + i)^3 ii) sin(2 + 3i) # Logarithm of Negative Numbers: Square root of negative number has no real solution but when we extended it to complex number, we defined it to have value. Similarly, log(x) has no real solution for x < 0. But, it has solution in complex domain. we know, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/18/ql_ce895cb7e91e60a58fb0d692b4218118_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/b7/ql_94494451460acd3aded84e92779dc8b7_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/d0/ql_123c1403ad8368a7bf26de4147bef3d0_l3.png so in general: If N is negative integer then, log(N) = log|N| + iπ Also, -1 = e^iπ taking square root on both sides, i = e^{iπ/2} Taking power i on both sides. i^i = e^{- π/2} It is real. so, complex number powered to complex number may be real. log (re^iπ) = log r + iπ for log (i + 1) http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ff/ql_b90377d182fff855376a79dc6a679dff_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/d7/ql_f936aa616520d1795a066d361ce479d7_l3.png log(i +1) = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/e7/ql_232e299e7f2fd857285c3e9eeee845e7_l3.png Exercise: Write in terms of x + iy i) log (i + 1) ii)log (3i) # Solving Trigonometric Equations: Since we entered the domain of complex number, many thing got extended. Here, I present one more. sin x = 2 Does it have real solution? Of course no since range of function f(x) = sin(x) in real domain is [-1,1] but in complex domain things are different. It has indeed solution. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/15/ql_dfff9b1a93e3417d214f2322b665f015_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/e6/ql_314b7cf29d3e937d892621c9748adde6_l3.png Comparing real and imaginary parts. http://quicklatex.com/cache3/48/ql_d847c9a68464a9cdbfea7556b505db48_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/61/ql_98c8d077ef5ce0dadae616066b0d6561_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/d8/ql_d335f0fb1d5ee426196c15ac416214d8_l3.png it implies, the complex number is purely real and holds for b in [-1,1]. But, if x = π/2 http://quicklatex.com/cache3/fe/ql_d784cd6dd54ec98bbdebc8f39007e9fe_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/2c/ql_47487e3c0f9d8e7be193d4ac9000ca2c_l3.png http://quicklatex.com/cache3/62/ql_be585864333f4c208b29f78c08e98762_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/de/ql_4cbc7075fab388815c1fe3ce0ec7f1de_l3.png or, y = http://quicklatex.com/cache3/4b/ql_9edbc7b138e1f40f011295aa98a8064b_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/f3/ql_6644175b7ed1cb39e749f7c7a3c06ff3_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/52/ql_2ddf7c3fdd13487fa16e4feaead3e252_l3.png or, http://quicklatex.com/cache3/3a/ql_16af9b4e63fc7a935a67d49bf110113a_l3.png = 1.5708 + 1.31696 i References: i. Complex numbers from A to Z, Titu Andreescu ii. Visual Complex Analysis, Needham iii. Complex Functions: An Algebraic and Geometric Viewpoint. Gareth jones Coded on: i. www.quicklatex.com